1
have the temerity to do sth
temerity 常与 have 连用，表示“竟敢做某事”，含贬义。
He had the temerity to ask his boss for a raise.
他竟有胆量要求老板加薪。
鲁莽；蛮勇
temerities — plural of temerity
先理解核心含义，再看它在真实句子里的用法。
鲁莽；蛮勇
fearless daring
He had the temerity to ask his boss for a raise.
他竟有胆量要求老板加薪。
鲁莽大胆；愚蠢的勇敢。
Reckless boldness; foolish bravery.
鲁莽大胆的行为或事例。
An act or case of reckless boldness.
厚颜无耻；无礼。
Effrontery; impudence.
He had the temerity to question the professor's conclusion in front of the whole class.
他竟有胆量在全班面前质疑教授的结论。
She showed remarkable temerity by skiing down the steepest slope without any training.
她未经任何训练就滑下最陡的斜坡，显得十分蛮勇。
It takes sheer temerity to interrupt the CEO during a board meeting.
在董事会会议期间打断首席执行官需要极大的鲁莽。
temerity 常与 have 连用，表示“竟敢做某事”，含贬义。
He had the temerity to ask his boss for a raise.
他竟有胆量要求老板加薪。
此句式用 it 作形式主语，强调做某事需要（不理智的）勇气。
It takes temerity to confront the gang leader.
面对帮派头目需要蛮勇。
用 of 引出具有该品质的人或行为。
The temerity of his remark annoyed everyone.
他言辞的鲁莽惹恼了所有人。
Not this
He is temerity.
Use this
He has temerity.
temerity 是名词，不是形容词，不能直接跟在 be 动词后作表语来形容人；应改用 have 表示“具有鲁莽/蛮勇”，或改用形容词 reckless。
Not this
He had temerity to ask such a question.
Use this
He had the temerity to ask such a question.
固定搭配是 have the temerity to do sth，其中的定冠词 the 不能省略；汉语没有冠词，学习者容易漏掉，但英语中 the temerity 指具体那一次冒失的表现。
Focus on the distinctions below. Other candidates are kept compact until a reliable usage note is available.
居然有胆量做某事；竟敢做某事
He had the temerity to question the coach's tactics.
他居然有胆量质疑教练的战术。
十足的鲁莽；极其大胆
It was sheer temerity to enter the burning building alone.
独自进入着火的大楼纯属鲁莽。
年轻人特有的鲁莽；年少轻狂
The temerity of youth made her challenge the professor openly.
年轻人的鲁莽使她公开挑战教授。
竟敢做某事（常含贬义）
He had the temerity to question the referee's decision.
他竟敢质疑裁判的判罚。
Use temerities naturally, then get feedback on meaning, tone, grammar, and phrasing.
Revisit a common error or keep this word in your review list.
temerity 与 timidity 形近义反：前者是“蛮勇鲁莽”，后者是“胆小羞怯”。看到 temerity 就想到胆大包天的莽夫。
语域：formal 常见场景：formal writing、literary texts、speeches 这个词比较正式，多用于书面语或文学作品中，表示‘鲁莽’、‘蛮勇’，通常带有批评或指责的意味。日常口语中较少使用。
这些词的重读元音都是 /ɛ/，后面均接 /rəti/，所以和 temerity 押韵。注意拼写相似的 timidity /tɪˈmɪdəti/ 发音不同，不要混淆。
Dictionary facts from ECDICT, WIKTIONARY.