1
roughen something
The sandpaper roughens the surface.
砂纸使表面变粗糙。
(使)变粗糙
先理解核心含义，再看它在真实句子里的用法。
(使)变粗糙
make or become rough or rougher
The sandpaper roughens the surface.
砂纸使表面变粗糙。
使变粗糙
To make rough.
变得粗糙
To become rough.
roughen
Base
原形
roughens
3rd person
第三人称单数
roughening
-ing
现在分词
roughened
Past
过去式
roughened
Past participle
过去分词
The surface roughens with age.
表面随着时间变粗糙。
He roughened the edges.
他使边缘变粗糙了。
The cloth has roughened over time.
布料随时间变粗糙了。
规则动词
The constant rubbing roughened the surface of the table.
不断的摩擦使桌面变得粗糙。
Exposure to wind and salt water is roughening the wooden deck.
风吹和盐水浸泡使木甲板变得粗糙。
Harsh chemicals roughen the skin if used too often.
如果使用过于频繁，刺激性化学物质会使皮肤变得粗糙。
The sandpaper roughens the surface.
砂纸使表面变粗糙。
强调程度更强。
The wind roughened up the lake.
风使湖面变得波涛汹涌。
The skin roughens in the cold.
皮肤在寒冷中变得粗糙。
Not this
The roughen surface is unpleasant.
Use this
The rough surface is unpleasant.
中文学习者常将动词'roughen'误用作形容词直接修饰名词，但英语中形容词应为'rough'或过去分词'roughened'。本句中需用形容词'rough'来描述表面状态。
Not this
He roughen the metal yesterday.
Use this
He roughened the metal yesterday.
'roughen'是规则动词，过去式应加-ed变为'roughened'。学习者易忽略词尾变化的规则。
Not this
The roughen of the table is noticeable.
Use this
The roughness of the table is noticeable.
学习者误将动词'roughen'用作名词，英语中应使用名词'roughness'表示粗糙度。
Choose the next layer that will help you use roughen with more confidence.
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Focus on the distinctions below. Other candidates are kept compact until a reliable usage note is available.
Use roughen naturally, then get feedback on meaning, tone, grammar, and phrasing.
Revisit a common error or keep this word in your review list.
页面下方列出了常见词形变化。学习时注意它们在句子中的语法位置。
Dictionary facts from ECDICT, WIKTIONARY.