phrenology was popular in + period
phrenology 是不可数名词，作主语时谓语用单数，且不加 a/an。
Phrenology was popular in Britain and America in the 1830s.
19世纪30年代，颅相学在英国和美国很流行。
颅相学；骨相学
颅相学(根据头颅形状判断官能强弱,现已废弃)；颅相学；[医] 颅相学(一门唯心的学科)
a now-discredited study of the shape of the skull as supposed to indicate mental faculties and character
颅相学(根据头颅形状判断官能强弱,现已废弃)
a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties
In the 19th century, many people believed that phrenology could reveal a person's character.
在19世纪，许多人相信颅相学可以揭示一个人的性格。
用法提示：句中'phrenology'作为名词，指代一种已被废弃的学说，即通过头骨形状判断性格。
The museum's exhibit on phrenology explains why it was eventually discredited as a pseudoscience.
博物馆关于颅相学的展览解释了它为何最终被否定为伪科学。
用法提示：句中'phrenology'作为名词，作为展览的主题，指代这门过时的学科。
Scientists now reject phrenology because there is no evidence that skull shape correlates with mental abilities.
科学家现在拒绝颅相学，因为没有证据表明头骨形状与心智能力相关。
用法提示：句中'phrenology'作为名词，是动词'reject'的宾语，指代该理论。
phrenology 是不可数名词，作主语时谓语用单数，且不加 a/an。
Phrenology was popular in Britain and America in the 1830s.
19世纪30年代，颅相学在英国和美国很流行。
believe in 在此表示相信某种学说或理论确实成立。
Few scientists believe in phrenology today.
如今很少有科学家相信颅相学。
dismiss sth as... 表示把某事物判定为不值得认真对待的伪科学。
Critics dismissed his theory of character as phrenology.
批评者把他的性格理论斥为颅相学。
grammar · medium
易错句子She is studying a phrenology at university.
正确表达She is studying phrenology at university.
学科名称作不可数名词时不用不定冠词 a/an。phrenology 指一门学问，不能像可数名词那样计数，所以去掉 a。
grammar · medium
易错句子He became a famous phrenology in the nineteenth century.
正确表达He became a famous phrenologist in the nineteenth century.
-ology 结尾的词表示学科，指从事该学科的人要用 -ologist。此处表示“人”，所以 phrenology 应改为 phrenologist，正如 psychology 对应 psychologist。
grammar · medium
易错句子Students learn a lot of phrenology knowledge in this course.
正确表达Students learn a lot about phrenology in this course.
英语中不说“某学科 knowledge”来表示“某学科的知识”，这是汉语“……知识”搭配的直接套用。表达“了解某学科的知识”应用 learn/know a lot about + 学科名。
craniology 是仍在使用的人类学／解剖学分支，只描述头骨的形态结构；phrenology 是已废弃的伪科学，声称能根据头骨形状判断人的性格与官能。凡涉及“按头骨判断性格”，只能用 phrenology。
phenology 与 phrenology 拼写只差一个字母、读音也接近，但研究对象是生物的季节变化；phrenology 的词根 phren- 指“心智”，讲的是按头骨形状推断官能，二者不可互换。
psychology 是依靠实验与观察研究心理和行为的现代学科；phrenology 是19世纪已被否定的颅相学，仅凭头骨形状推断官能。谈今天的学科用 psychology，谈那段伪科学历史才用 phrenology。
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