confound sb
指使某人感到困惑、难以理解；主语通常是事物。
The complicated rules confounded many new employees.
这些复杂的规则让许多新员工感到困惑。
混淆；搞混；使震惊；使惊呆；挫败；使失败；使羞愧；使难堪；使混杂；使混在一起
To perplex or puzzle someone.
使困惑
To perplex or puzzle.
使震惊或惊讶
To stun or amaze.
混淆；混淆是非
To fail to see the difference; to mix up; to confuse right and wrong.
混合在一起以至于无法区分
To combine in a confused fashion; to mingle so as to make the parts indistinguishable.
使羞愧
To cause to be ashamed; to abash.
击败,挫败,阻碍
To defeat, to frustrate, to thwart.
一般现在时
This puzzle confounds me.
这个谜题让我困惑。
一般过去时
The magician confounded the audience.
魔术师让观众感到困惑。
现在完成时
The results have confounded the experts.
结果让专家们感到困惑。
The sudden change in the schedule confounded everyone in the office.
日程的突然变化使办公室里的每个人都感到困惑。
用法提示：confound 表示使困惑、混淆的动词用法
The magician's trick confounded the audience, leaving them speechless.
魔术师的把戏让观众狼狈不堪，说不出话来。
用法提示：confound 表示使狼狈的动词用法
He confounded his critics by achieving great success despite their doubts.
他挫败了批评者，尽管他们怀疑他，他仍取得了巨大成功。
用法提示：confound 表示挫败的动词用法
指使某人感到困惑、难以理解；主语通常是事物。
The complicated rules confounded many new employees.
这些复杂的规则让许多新员工感到困惑。
表示把两者搞混、未能看出区别；较正式。
Critics often confound his early style with that of his teacher.
评论家常把他早期的风格与他老师的风格混为一谈。
被动结构，后接 by 或 at；也可表示因某事而震惊。
We were confounded by the unexpected result.
我们对这个意想不到的结果感到困惑不解。
较正式；强调因事情复杂或难以解决而困惑，常用于 be perplexed by 结构。
强调因不理解而苦苦思索，常与 over/about 搭配，如 puzzle over a problem。
语气最强；指完全难住，使人大惑不解，常用于问题或困境。
强调因突发或复杂情况而头脑混乱，常用 be bewildered by，语义比 confuse 重。
最常用、最口语化；另有‘混淆’义项，表‘使困惑’时语气较轻，指弄不清。
grammar · medium
易错句子I was confound by his reaction.
正确表达I was confounded by his reaction.
be 动词后表示“感到困惑／震惊”要用 -ed 形容词形式，即过去分词 confounded；confound 是动词原形，不能直接作表语。
grammar · medium
易错句子The complicated rules confounded.
正确表达The complicated rules confounded me.
confound 是及物动词，后面必须带宾语，说明“使谁困惑”；不能像汉语“规则把人搞糊涂了”那样省略宾语，把它当作不及物动词使用。
grammar · medium
易错句子She was confounded with the strange noise.
正确表达She was confounded by the strange noise.
被动结构里表示“被某事弄得困惑／震惊”的原因要用 by 引出；with 只用于 confound A with B（把 A 与 B 混为一谈）的“混淆”义，此处表示原因，不适用。
针对 confound 的“使困惑”义项，enlighten 意为“启发、使明白”，与 confound 相对；confound 的“混淆”义项不适用。
针对 confound 的“使困惑”义项，clarify 表示“使清楚、阐明”，是直接反义；注意 confound 另有“混淆”义项，此时反义为 distinguish 等。
针对 confound 的“使困惑”义项，explain 意为“解释明白”，与 confound 相对；不适用于 confound 的“挫败”义项。
confuse 是日常中性词，表示“使困惑”或“弄混”；confound 语气更强、更正式，常指“使大为困惑/震惊”，在“混淆”义上也更书面。日常表达通常用 confuse，如 confuse A with B；confound 多用于正式或文学语境。
compound 作动词指“混合、调配”（中性或技术性）或“使（问题）加重”；confound 指“混淆、使困惑”，强调混乱或难以区分。正常调配药物或使问题加重用 compound，不能用 confound。
dumbfound 意为“使目瞪口呆、使惊呆”，强调极度惊讶；confound 也可表示“使震惊”，但更常指“使困惑/混淆”，且没有“目瞪口呆”的强烈画面感。表示“使惊呆”时 dumbfound 更常用，且不能用于“混淆”义。
出乎意料，打破预期
The team confounded expectations by winning the championship.
那支球队出乎意料地赢得了冠军。
让批评者大跌眼镜，用成功反驳批评
The startup confounded the critics with its rapid growth.
这家初创公司的快速成长让批评者大跌眼镜。
克服不利局面，创造奇迹
She confounded the odds and recovered from the illness.
她战胜了不利的预后，康复了。
令专家困惑，使专家惊讶
The magician's trick confounded the experts.
这位魔术师的把戏让专家们困惑不已。
迷惑敌人，使敌人陷入混乱
The army used smoke screens to confound the enemy.
军队用烟幕来迷惑敌人。
con-（共同）+ -found-（倾倒，混合）+ 无后缀；同前缀词：connect, contain, combine；同词根词：fuse, diffuse, infuse
confound expectations 指结果出人意料，使预期落空。
confound predictions 表示结果与预测相反，令人惊讶。
confound assumptions 指颠覆或打破人们的固有设想。
confound the odds 指在不利或不被看好的情况下获得成功。
confound critics 表示用出色的表现使批评者哑口无言或难堪。
真糟糕！该死！
Confound it! I've left my wallet at home.
真糟糕！我把钱包落在家里了。
出乎意料；令人大跌眼镜
The young team confounded expectations by winning the championship.
这支年轻的队伍出乎意料地赢得了冠军。
让质疑者大跌眼镜；用事实反驳怀疑者
She confounded the doubters by finishing the marathon first.
她第一个跑完马拉松，让质疑者大跌眼镜。
挫败他们的阴谋诡计，粉碎他们卑劣的伎俩。
Line from the British national anthem 'God Save the King/Queen', calling for divine defeat of enemies' schemes.
出自英国国歌《天佑国王/女王》，祈求上帝挫败敌人的阴谋。
Dictionary facts from ECDICT, WIKTIONARY, WORDNET.
使尝试受挫，破坏努力
The complexity of the case confounded attempts to solve it.
案件的复杂性使破案的努力受挫。